ABSTRACT
Through a study of a village in Jharkhand, India, the paper maps the migration process of workers due to the structural transformation of the rural area. The nature of transformation in Jharkhand has led to a process of migration as a temporary strategy. This paper illustrates the processes wherein the socio-economic dynamic of the village is reflected in different migration strategies which take the form of identity and assignment-based networks. The paper develops a rudimentary typology of migrant workers to map the differential effects of reverse migration. Reverse migration due to the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in lost skills, lost opportunities and increased competition which has affected workers in different networks and identity groups to varying extents. The breakdown of networks and their revival in the subsequent period led to the solidification of the identity-based networks, which is a reflection of the hierarchy in the village. The paper argues that reverse migration and the subsequent revival of the migration networks are taking on an exclusionary form that affect an already vulnerable population disproportionately.
ABSTRACT
Indian law does not allow same-sex marriage, so homosexual couples cannot adopt a child. The law makes it illegal for LGBTQ+ couples to adopt a child and raise it together, showing that they are not equally treated with dignity and respect in the eyes of the law. As a result, adoption is prohibited for LGBTQ+ couples because the child should not be raised in a "inadequate environment". However, it is surprising that the legislation permits a child to be grown as an orphan without both parents and family instead of grown by LGBTQ+ couples. Despite the fact that LGBTQ+ couples are prohibited to adopt a child, the ratio of orphans is increasing day by day in India. In India, as per the study UNICEF, we came to know that there are more than 29.6 million abandoned and orphaned children, a certain figure is predicted to reach 24 million i.e., almost 4% of the youth population, and unfortunately there are very low adoption rate in our country. During the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, there are more than thousands of children have been abandoned, and still, the real number of abandoned children is not known. Also, according to the government of India, the report was submitted to the Supreme Court in 2012, the number of LGBTQ people in India is about 2.5 million at that time, even the strength is huge but there is no official data about the LGBTQ population. Refusal the right of adoption to people of LGBTQ+ community affects their dignity because prejudice is focused on their ability gender identity rather than their ability or worth as parents.